Indoxyl sulfate induces retinal microvascular injury via COX-2/PGE2 activation in diabetic retinopathy
Abstract Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the principal cause of acquired blindness among the working-age population, is the most frequent microvascular complication of diabetes.Although metabolic disorders are hypothesized to play a role in its pathogenesis, the underlying mechanism remains largely elusive.Methods To elucidate the mechanism,